Physical Change Definition in Chemistry

A physical change is a type of change in which the form of matter is altered but one substance is not transformed into another. The size or shape of matter may be changed, but no chemical reaction occurs. Physical changes are usually reversible. Note that whether a process is reversible or not is not truly a criterion for being a physical change. For example, smashing a rock or shredding paper are physical changes that cannot be undone. Contrast this with a chemical change, in which chemical bonds are broken or formed so that the starting and ending materials are chemically different. Most chemical changes are irreversible. On the other hand, melting water into ice (and other phase changes) can be reversed. Physical Change Examples Examples of physical changes include: Crumpling a sheet or paper (a good example of a reversible physical change)Breaking a pane of glass (the chemical composition of the glass remains the same)Freezing water into ice  (the chemical formula is not changed)Chopping vegetables (cutting separates molecules, but does not alter them)Dissolving sugar in water (sugar mixes with water, but the molecules are not changed and may be recovered by boiling off the water)Tempering steel (hammering the steel does not change its composition, but does alter its properties, including hardness and flexibility) Categories of Physical Changes Its not always easy to tell chemical and physical changes apart. Here are some types of physical changes that may help: Phase Changes - Altering the temperature and/or pressure can change the phase of a material, yet its composition is unchanged,Magnetism - If you hold a magnet up to iron, youll temporarily magnetize it. This is a physical change because its not permanent and no chemical reaction occurs.Mixtures - Mixing together materials where one is not soluble in the other is a physical change. Note the properties of a mixture may be different from its components. For example, if you mix together sand and water, you can pack the sand into a shape. Yet, you can separate the components of the mixture by allowing them to settle or by using a sieve.Crystallization - Crystallizing a solid does not produce a new molecule, even though the crystal will have different properties from other solids. Turning graphite into a diamond doesnt produce a chemical reaction.Alloys - Mixing together two or more metals is a physical change that is not reversible. The reason alloying is not a chemical change is that the components retain their original identities.Solutions - Solutions are tricky because it may be hard to tell whether or not a chemical reaction has occurred when you mix together the materials. Usually, if there is no color change, temperature change, precipitate formation, or gas production, the solution is a physical change. Otherwise, a chemical reaction has occurred and a chemical change is indicated.

Divorce How Does It Affect Children Essay - 2564 Words

Divorce: How does it affect children? Over 60 percent of couples seeking a divorce have children still living at home. ( 6) What some parents dont realize when they file for a divorce is the damage and effect that it will have on their kids. Divorce affects children in many ways. It affects kids emotionally and causes them to experience painful feelings such as fear, loss, anger and confusion. Divorce also hurts a childs academic achievement. Children whose parents divorce generally have poorer scores on tests and a higher dropout rate. (3) Children react differently yet similarly in divorce. Every child caught up in the distress of divorce has a hard time coping with it and imagining their life without a parent. Their†¦show more content†¦While some children might express their anguish outwardly by crying, others struggle to hold their emotions inside. The children that do not have open expressions of grief are the ones that are more likely to sometimes overeat and have reb ellious behavior patterns. Some children even feel embarrassed or ashamed about their familys situation. The older children in this group, usually ages between nine to twelve deny having anything to do with their parents divorce, but the younger ones ages six to eight, still feel a sense of responsibility. Older children in this age group often show examples of lying, stealing, and have troubles with authority figures including the law due to lack of a parent, usually a father figure, to correct their awful behavior. (1) Fatherless children are three times more likely to fail school, require psychiatric treatment and commit suicide as adolescents. Adolescents display many of the effects of the middle childhood but to a higher degree. Divorce affects teenagers in a strong and painful way because it reverses the normal maturation of the adolescent years. Adolescents and teenagers fear the breakup of the family. This usually causes them to become very angry with their parents, usually the parent they blame for starting the divorce. They may yell at people or even react with physical violence in situations that remind them of their parents breakup and the awfulShow MoreRelatedHow Does Divorce Affect Children?1693 Words   |  7 PagesHow does divorce affect children? Married couples represent fifty one percent of Americans, many of which end in divorce spawning over eleven million single parent families. According to the American Psychological Association forty to fifty percent of marriages in the United States will end in divorce. This marriage dissolution rate results in fifty percent of our children witnessing the divorce of their parents, forty percent of which are being raised without fathers in the home. Divorce and singleRead MoreHow Does Divorce Affect Children?1364 Words   |  6 PagesHOW DOES DIVORCE AFFECT CHILDREN? 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Marketing Communications for Validity and Straightforwardness

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Communications for Validity and Straightforwardness. Answer: Introduction Integrated marketing communication plan refers to a tool of advertising that distinguishes the additional value exhaustive arrangement that looks at the key parts of a variety of communication. This report creates an integrated marketing communication plan for Nestle Company. The report describes the company marketing objectives and goals related to their products and services. The report also explains the target audience segment analysis for the marketing communication plan, develop the communication objectives in order to create brand awareness among the customers and the product's image or influencing the purchase intentions. It also creates a media plan which will be used by the company in order to achieve the objectives. The main objective of this report is to ensure that all forms of communications and promoting tools work together in harmony. Company background and its marketing objectives According to Arnold Boggs (2015), Nestle is a subsidiary of NESTLE S.A. of Australia. Organization with have eight mechanical offices and countless packers, Nestle is an exuberant organization which gives clients in India with results of overall standards and is set out to long haul manageable and financial specialist satisfaction. The organization concentrates on reliability, validity, and straightforwardness in all parts of its business and expects the same in its associations. This has picked up it the trust and regard of each level of society that it communicates with and is perceived among India's most regarded organizations and among the best riches makers of India. The Nestle corporate business standards at the start of the organization's way of life which is made more than more than 150 years and demonstrates the plans of conventionality, genuineness, and long haul considering. Settle is the world's greatest food and beverage organization. The fundamental motivation behind N estle organization is to develop the personal satisfaction and adding to a more beneficial life. The company helps the consumers by providing the better and healthier environment. Products and services: According to Beach (2014), Nestle believes on the significance of mixing the great products with a great service. Nestle company produces products of correctly worldwide quality under globally celebrated brand names like NESCAFE, MAGGI, MILKYBAR, KitKat, BAR-ONE and NESTEA and in the present time the organization has likewise start results of ordinary utilization and use, for instance, NESTLE Milk, NESTLE SLIM Milk, NESTLE DAHI AND NESTLE Jeera Raita. The fundamental administrations as Nestle give to their clients are refreshment quality and sustenance wellbeing. Settle is a reliable association and urges exercises that help to improve the individual fulfillment in the gathering where it operates. Marketing objectives of Nestle: According to Belch et al. (2014), marketing objectives are sustainable with the whole corporate goals of Nestle. Company's goal is to be the world's biggest and best-branded nourishment manufacturer while guaranteeing that company name is synonymous with the results of the highest quality. The main marketing objectives of Nestle are provided nutritional, healthy product for the wellness of consumers, maintain the financial performance of the company and build the mutual trust with customers and governmental authorities. Target audience segment analysis According to Blakeman (2014), the marketing idea calls for understanding customers and satisfying their necessities superior to contenders. As different customers have diverse requests and it once in a while is conceivable to satisfy all clients by treating them alike. Market segmentation is the recognizing of a part of the market that is one of a kind in connection to each other. Division empowers the firm to better satisfy the prerequisites of its potential customers. The customer can be segmented on the basis of the following features: Geographic: The target audience segment analysis of Nestle in a geographic segment based on the given factor. Weather: Nestle Australia segmented its market for Nescafe Ice in light of the geographic climate that is hot or cold. The organization offers Nescafe ice coffee which can be utilized by the consumers with ice (Zillmann, 2013). Demographic: The demographic factor includes various factors such as Age: Nestle segmented market for its most important products which depends on the age. The products like Cerelac, Lactogen, Nido, and Nestle allocate the market segment for baby and children of different ages. Occupation: Company segmented the market which is depending on the consumers occupation. For example, organization offer Nescafe great for the individuals who buckle down and needs more freshness. Income: Nescafe segmented their market relies upon consumer's salary and income in a powerful way. Psychographic: The main component in psychographic factor shows the lifestyle and personality of a customer. Lifestyle and personality: Nescafe Australia gives KitKat for the consumers who actually need to enjoy chocolate. Nescafe 3 in 1is for those consumers who are busy and not have enough time. They can save their time by taking Nescafe 3 in 1 in which all the components of sugar, milk, and coffee remain constant. Behavioral: Behavioral segmentation consists the benefits of the market. Benefits: Depend on the advantages Nestle Australia divide their market in an efficient way. So, the company offers Cerelac for those customerss who require favorable circumstances from the items. Cerelac comprises high nourishment for tyke infant's whose age is short of what one year. The two principle segments rice and drain stay differed in cerelac. On the other side, cerelac contains vitamins, minerals and every nutritious part for babies. Advertising objectives of Nestle According to Edsa (2017), advertising is the great source to communicate to the consumers. Advertising helps educates the customers about the brands available in the market and the diversification of products valuable to them. Advertising is for everyone including children, youngsters and old. Advertising is finished by using the several media sorts, with various strategies and techniques and methods generally suited. The main advertising objectives of Nestle include the following elements which are explained below: Brand awareness: According to Garvey (2014), the brand awareness objective is a source for marketers to show ads to consumers who are more likely to pay attention to them. A standout amongst the most widely recognized and easily integrated marketing communication objectives are developing brand awareness. Prior to selling the particular items, Nestle, it needs to make brand awareness among its target market, and this should be done for spreading awareness and also its significance. The company will build brand awareness and create a favorable, recognizable picture in order to achieve the success. Company outlines proficient and innovative strategies for products which attract the customers towards the company product. Imparting knowledge: According to Ginsburg et al. (2014), Nestle has initiated a region-wide arrangement to support wellbeing and preventive activity. The organization makes "Nestle Strong and Healthy Bones" movement delivers the need to spread wellbeing information in the locale to help and counteract osteoporosis. This need is reflected by the high number of ladies thought to be in risk of bone crack. The movement will see a couple of preparing activities and dynamic crusades took off over the region in the coming months. Projecting an image: In the present society, a first impression appears to be everything. The company should use creative techniques and strategies to make their product more innovative and enhance the customer base. According to Grunig (2013), the company can use various tips to improve their image in the market, so that consumers will recognize the brand as a winner right off the bat such as clearly mentions their services which they provide to their customers, properly understand the customer requirements and make their product according to the consumer taste and preference and also engaged in the social activities in the society which create a positive image in the customer mind which results in building a positive image between the customers for the company brand. Shaping attitudes: An attitude is just an inclination to approach or keep away from a thought, occasion, individual or object. In short words, it is a propensity to act in one way or another attitude object. It is important for a business to understand how to shape the attitudes of employees. For this purpose, the company should engage employees and motivate them to do something which is different from others (Hatziargyriou, 2014). Communicating an idea to staff needs face-to-face meetings and a clear explanation for achieving the business objective. Alternative style of creative advertising According to Jensen (2013), a business can create a creative campaign plan in order to attract more consumers as well as to raise the brand awareness of the company. An execution of creative techniques theory will apply to the campaign with the purpose to help the raw plans. These innovative approaches help the business to increase their efficiency and effectiveness of the campaign. Nestle can use functional orientation style of creative advertising to invite the customers towards their product. The functional orientation style includes unique selling proposition creative style of advertising which states that a marketer makes a superiority claim which depends on unique product characteristics that shows a meaningful, clear customer advantages. Nestle is one the largest food manufacturing, health, and wellness brand in the world. The unique selling proposition of Nestle is depended on the following three factors: Innovation: The unique and innovative items categories such Nestle chocolate, coffee, KITKA, NESTLE MILK and Nestle Dahi. Distinct products: The products and brands extension in diverse product categories with the definite shapes, colors, flavors, and labeling. Differentiation: In order to attract the customers in a large number, the products of Nestle are placed in very attractive standout trays which make them different from their competitors (Kasper Kellerman, 2014). Communication objectives ethical issues On the other side, there are some ethical issues arise in the marketing communication objectives which affect the business activities. The main issues which can occur in the marketing communication objectives are explained below: Promoting overemphasizes materialism: According to Kraidy (2017), marketing loosely fixing the thought that individual purchase numerous products and services are the feedback that marketing made and has a materialistic culture. The verbal confrontation issue has the promoting of goods and services which create an attitude of materialism or has the marketing reacted to the materialistic desires of society. Marketing increase the cost of goods and service: The other issue of marketing communication objectives states that individually found fault with promoting and marketing communication communications is that it increases the cost of goods and services. The advertise goods do cost increasingly and enable producers to charge higher costs. Media plan for Nestle According to Lawrie (2014), media planning is an undertaking of a media organizations and need to locate the most appropriate media structures for a customer's image or item. The activity of media arranging includes various areas of specialist that the media organizer uses to identify the best combination of media in order to achieve the given marketing communication objectives and goals. The media plan consist the following components for Nestle which are explained as follows: Target customers: According to McQuail Windahl (2015), the first component of the media plan is to choose the target audience. In other words, it refers to those individuals for whom the media plan try to influence through numerous forms of brand connections. The main marketing objective is to enhance the sales by a particular amount, but this objective does not identify a target audience. The company can classify their target audience into two categories that are primary and secondary. A primary target customer refers to those which play an important role in purchase decisions and a secondary target customer are those which play a less decisive role. Communication objectives: The next step in the media plan is to set the communication objectives in order to achieve the stated objectives. The different communication objectives can be better comprehended in a phase of advertising goals. The company can also set different communication objectives such as advertising recall which show the cognitive impact of the advertisement, advertising persuasion show the emotional impact of the advertisement and lead and sales are the behavioral impact of the advertisement (Percy, 2014). Media strategies: Media planners make different media strategies for the business with the aim to increase their sales and productivity of the company. The marketing strategies include various elements such as brand, competition, price, products, promotion, and communication on which company has to focus and make the innovative products keeping in mind the customer requirements. Media vehicle for Nestle According to Richards Schmidt (2014), Nestle can use various media vehicles that will help the company to achieve their business goals and objectives and the innovative strategy which company created for their customers. The main media vehicles which company can adopt are described as follows: New media: Current technological advancement has raised the range of new media available to the marketers to communicate with their prospects and the customers. New media permits for the greater phase of interactions between the marketer and the receiver. Nestle with new media can marketing can target tightly bunch of customers with well-defined messages. Online advertising: The internet is a hybrid source which expresses the features with mass communication as well as interpersonal communication. This media vehicle merges the capability of the mass media to distribute a message to a large audience. By adopting this media vehicle, Nestle can gain particular momentum across the world. Measurements for Integrated Marketing Communication plan In the present condition, advertisers are compelled to utilize different specialized instruments keeping in mind the end goal to get the target audience. Successful communication needs the usage of a few instruments of advertising interchanges by which organization can express a unique message to targeted customers (Thorson Moore, 2013). For this purpose, there are some measurements metrics for the integrated marketing communication plan which help the business to achieve the business objectives successfully. Revenue metrics: The revenue metrics refers to the marketings aggregate influence in the company revenue. Marketing program performance metric: This measurement of integrated marketing communication plan examines the increase in the contribution of people marketing programs. Public relations: A public relation measures the point of view and opinions on the impact of corporate communication ideas and plans. Product performance: The measurement of product performance comparatively evaluates the total sales and margins of people products. Conclusion From the above report, it has been concluded that integrated marketing communication assumes a vital part in conveying brand message to bigger customers. Integrated marketing communication helps in organizing all the important parts of promoting to impart comparative messages to potential and existing customers. This report prepares an integrated marketing communication plan for Nestle. The report explains all the essential elements which are required in the integrated marketing communication plan for a business. The report determines the target audience segment analysis of Nestle, build up advertising objectives which help the business to create brand awareness among the customers. The report also chooses a functional orientation style of creative advertising to make their product more innovative, develop a media plan for business and show the measurement metrics to control the overall performance of the company. References Arnold, E. C., Boggs, K. U. (2015).Interpersonal Relationships-E-Book: Professional Communication Skills for Nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Beach, L. R. (2014).Decision-making in the workplace: A unified perspective. Psychology Press. Belch, G. E., Belch, M. A., Kerr, G. F., Powell, I. (2014).Advertising: An integrated marketing communication perspective. McGraw-Hill Education. Blakeman, R. (2014).Integrated marketing communication: creative strategy from idea to implementation. Rowman Littlefield. Zillmann, D. (2013).Selective exposure to communication. Routledge. Edsa. (2017). Advantages of direct selling, Retrieved from:.https://www.edsa.ee/en/direct-selling/advantages-of-direct-selling/. Garvey, W. D. (2014).Communication: the essence of science: facilitating information exchange among librarians, scientists, engineers and students. Elsevier. Ginsburg, K. R., Kinsman, S. B., American Academy of Pediatrics. (2017).Reaching Teens Strength-Based Communication Strategies To Build Resilience and Support Healthy Adolescent Development. Grunig, J. E. (Ed.). (2013).Excellence in public relations and communication management.Routledge. Hatziargyriou, N. (Ed.). (2014).Microgrids: architectures and control. Wiley/IEEE Press. Jensen, K. B. (Ed.). (2013).A handbook of media and communication research: Qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Routledge. Kasper, G., Kellerman, E. (2014).Communication strategies: Psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives. Routledge.. Kraidy, M. (2017).Hybridity, or the cultural logic of globalization. Temple University Press. Lawrie, A. (2014). An exploration of perceptions of verbal and non-verbal communication strategies on intercultural group interactions and how they impact on learning and teaching in higher education.Internationalisation and the Student Experience, 14. McQuail, D., Windahl, S. (2015).Communication models for the study of mass communications. Routledge. Percy, L. (2014).Strategic integrated marketing communications. Routledge. Richards, J. C., Schmidt, R. W. (2014).Language and communication. Routledge. Thorson, E., Moore, J. (Eds.). (2013).Integrated communication: Synergy of persuasive voices. Psychology Press.

Product- Market Expansion Grid free essay sample

Product- Market Expansion Grid Away from assessing current businesses, designing the business portfolio absorbs finding businesses and products the company should consider in the future. Companies need expansion if they are to compete more effectively, satisfy their stakeholders, and magnetize top talent. Growth is like pure oxygen and it creates a vital, enthusiastic corporation where people see genuine opportunity. At the same time, a firm must be careful not to make growth itself an objective. The companys objective must be profitable growth. Marketing has the main responsibility for achieving profitable growth for the company. Marketing must identify, evaluate, and select market opportunities and lay down strategies for capturing them. One useful device for identifying growth opportunities is the product-market expansion grid. It’s a portfolio-planning tool for identifying company growth opportunities through market penetration, market development, product development, or diversification. Identifying Companies new intensive growth opportunities product-market expansion grid can be a very useful framework. We will write a custom essay sample on Product- Market Expansion Grid or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are four strategies, one for each of the quadrants: Market Penetration Strategy When the product is in the current market, it can still grow. There are three major approaches to increasing current products market share: 1. Encourage current customers to buy more. 2. Attract competitors customers. 3. Convince non-users to use the product. Market-Development Strategy When the current product is launched in a new market, there are three approaches to develop the market: 1. Expand distribution channels. 2. Sell in new locations. 3. Identify the potential users. Product-Development Strategy When a new product is launched in the current market, the intensive growth strategies could be to: 1. Develop new features. 2. Develop different quality levels. 3. Improve the technology. Diversification When a new product is launched in a new market, diversification makes good sense as better opportunities are found outside the present business. The diversification strategies are of three types: 1. Concentric Diversification Strategy: Develop new products with the earlier technology for new segments 2. Conglomerate Diversification Strategy: Develop new products for new markets. 3. Horizontal Diversification Strategy: Develop new products with new technology for old customers. Evaluation of Business Portfolio Using Product-Market Expansion Grid For a whole variety of reasons, there are times when as an individual or in business want or need to expand or change field or market. In business, manager might need to achieve economies of scale, make more money for investors, or gain national or even global recognition of their brand. Having decided that manager wants to grow business, he’ll have hundreds of ideas about things he could do; this means new products, new markets, new channels, or new marketing campaigns. Using a strategic approach, such as the Product-Market Expansion Grid, helps manager evaluate available options and choose the one that suits the situation best, and gives the best return on the potentially considerable investment that business’ need to make. To understand the process of evaluation of business portfolio better here I am going to depict an example of Toyota Motor Corporation. Toyota Motor Corporation commonly known simply as Toyota and abbreviated as TMC is a multinational automaker headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. In 2010, Toyota Motor Corporation employed 317,734 people worldwide. TMC is the worlds largest automobile manufacturer by sales and production. The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 as a spinoff from his fathers company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Three years earlier, in 1934, while still a department of Toyota Industries, it created its first product, the Type A engine, and, in 1936, its first passenger car, the Toyota AA. Toyota Motor Corporation group companies are Toyota (including the Scion brand), Lexus, Daihatsu and Hino Motors, along with several non-automotive companies. TMC is part of the Toyota Group, one of the largest conglomerates in the world. Toyota Motor Corporation is headquartered in Toyota City, Aichi and in Tokyo. Its Tokyo head office is located at 1-4-18 Koraku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8701, Japan. Nagoya Office at 4-7-1 Meieki, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture. In addition to manufacturing automobiles, Toyota provides financial services through its Toyota Financial Services division and also builds robots. Initially Toyota management might consider whether the company can achieve deeper market penetration-making more sales to current customers without changing its products. It might initiate new marketing program, extra effort on research and development, new production facilities, vehicle assembly plant or dealership in current market areas to make it accessible for more customers. For example, Toyota used to penetrate market depending heavily on aggressive marketing and research and development and superior product quality. In 2010 Toyota spend total of 2. 5 billion US Dollar for advertisement and research and development purpose. Toyotas marketing efforts have focused on emphasizing the positive experiences of ownership and vehicle quality. The ownership experience has been targeted in slogans such as You asked for it! You got it! (1975–1979), Oh, what a feeling! (1979 – September 1985, in the US),Who could ask for anything more (September 1985–1989), I love what you do for me, Toyota! (1989–1997), Everyday (1997–2001), Get the feeling! (2001–2004), and Moving Forward (2004–present). Recently, Toyotas new United States marketing strategy has included such hits as Swagger Wagon[and the marketing for the new Avalon, which includes a throwback to the old days of travel. As a result today is the world’s largest automobile manufacturer by sales and production. And every year its annual turnover is increasing. Second, Toyota management may regard as potential for market development identifying and developing new markets for its current products. For instance, managers could review new demographic markets. Managers also could review new Geographical markets. Toyota is now expanding swiftly into new markets, especially in African countries. And its expanding rapidly in new global markets. Toyota has factories in most parts of the world, manufacturing or assembling vehicles for local markets. Toyota has manufacturing or assembly plants in Japan, Australia, India, Sri Lanka, Canada, Indonesia, Poland, South Africa, Turkey, Colombia, the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Brazil, Portugal, and more recently, Argentina, Czech Republic, Mexico, Malaysia, Thailand, Pakistan, Egypt, China, Vietnam, Venezuela, the Philippines, and Russia. In 2002, Toyota initiated the Innovative International Multi-purpose vehicle project (IMV) to optimize global manufacturing and supply systems for pickup trucks and multipurpose vehicles, and to satisfy market demand in more than 140 countries worldwide. IMV called for diesel engines to be made in Thailand, gasoline engines in Indonesia and manual transmissions in India and the Philippines, for supply to the countries charged with vehicle production. For vehicle assembly, Toyota would use plants in Thailand, Indonesia, Argentina and South Africa. These four main IMV production and export bases supply Asia, Europe, Africa, Oceania, Latin America and the Middle East with three IMV vehicles: The Toyota Hilux (Vigo), the Fortuner, and the Toyota Innova. Third, management could consider product development-offering modified or new products to current markets. For example, Toyota is one of the largest companies to push hybrid vehicles in the market and the first to commercially mass-produce and sell such vehicles, an example being the Toyota Prius. The company eventually began providing this option on the main smaller cars such as Camry and later with the Lexus divisions, producing some hybrid luxury vehicles. It labeled such technology in Toyota cars as Hybrid Synergy Drive and in Lexus versions as Lexus Hybrid Drive. The Prius has become the top selling hybrid car in America. Toyota, as a brand, now has four hybrid vehicles in its lineup: the Prius, Auris, Highlander, and Camry. The popular minivan Toyota Sienna is scheduled to join the hybrid lineup by 2010, and by 2030 Toyota plans to offer its entire lineup of cars, trucks, and SUVs with a Hybrid Synergy Drive option (Toyota has said it plans to make a hybrid-electric system available on every vehicle it sells worldwide sometime in the 2010s). Worldwide sales of hybrid vehicles produced by Toyota reached 1. 0Â  million vehicles by May 31, 2007, and the 2. 0Â  million mark was reached by August 31, 2009, with hybrids sold in 50 countries. [51][52] Toyotas hybrid sales are led by the Prius, with worldwide cumulative sales of 1. 3Â  million by August 2009. [51] Toyotas CEO has committed to eventually making every car of the company a hybrid vehicle. [53][54] Lexus also has their own hybrid lineup, consisting of the GS 450h, RX 400h, and launched in 2007, the LS 600h/LS 600h L. Fourth, Toyota might consider diversification-starting up or buying businesses outside of its current products and markets. For ex ample, Toyota is a minority shareholder in Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation, having invested US$67. 2Â  million in the new venture which will produce the Mitsubishi Regional Jet, slated for first deliveries in 2013. Toyota has also studied participation in the general aviation market and contracted with Scaled Composites to produce a proof-of-concept aircraft, the TAA-1 in 2002. In 2004, Toyota showcased its trumpet-playing robot. Toyota has been developing multitask robots destined for elderly care, manufacturing, and entertainment. A specific example of Toyotas involvement in robotics for the elderly is the Brain Machine Interface. Designed for use with wheelchairs, it allows a person to control an electric wheelchair accurately, almost in real-time, with his mind. The thought controls allow the wheelchair to go left, right and forward with a delay between thought and movement of just 125Â  milliseconds. In a more extreme diversification, Toyota invests in several small start-up businesses and partnerships in biotechnology, including P. T. Toyota Bio Indonesia in Lampung, Indonesia, Australian Afforestation Pty. Ltd. in Western Australia and Southern Australia, Toyota Floritech Co. , Ltd. in Rokkasho-Mura, Kamikita District, Aomori Prefecture, Sichuan Toyota Nitan Development Co. , Ltd. n Sichuan, China, Toyota Roof Garden Corporation in Miyoshi-Cho, Aichi Prefecture. Conclusion Companies spend vast amounts of money and time launching new brands, leveraging existing ones, and acquiring rivals. They create line extensions and brand extensions, not to mention channel extensions and subbrands, to cater to the growing number of niche segments in every market. To be the market leader and successful companies should examine their brand portfolios fr om time to time to check if they might be selling too many brands, identify weak ones, and kill unprofitable ones.